Media Under Review

Voices from Afar: Why Exile Media Matters

Jürgen Habermas, the eminent German philosopher, defines the “Public Sphere” as a space between

Opinion

Freedom of Expression Under Authoritarian Rule: Historical Paths of Resistance

Throughout modern history, freedom of expression has rarely been granted voluntarily by authoritarian regimes. Instead, it has emerged

Neutrality as Method: Journalism Between Facts and Interpretation

In contemporary media environments, neutrality is often misunderstood as distance or indifference. In professional journalism, however, neutrality functions

Notebook

When Journalism Becomes an Act of Survival

There was a time when journalism in Afghanistan was driven by competition, public accountability, and the belief that asking difficult questions could still shape outcomes.

The Last Days of the Republic

The final days of Afghanistan’s republic were not marked by chaos alone, but by disbelief. Even as warning